Ko te hangarau lithium-ion whai tikanga he whakamua maimoa i te taurangi pūtahi, e tohu ana i tana kēhi ki te tirotiro i te nui o ngā wā mahi o ngā wā kawe āporo me ngā wā whakahoki āporo i pai ai i te pūtahi lithium-ion matua. E āhei ana enei pūtahi ki te tautoko i waenganui i waenganui 2,000 ki te 5,000 wā mahi, i runga i te 500-1,500 wā mahi e taea nei e ngā pūtahi lithium-ion matua. Ko tenei mana moe tonu e hiahia ana ki te whakamahere i nga momo whakamahi e hiahiatia ana te whai hua ēneiti whakatika, pērā i ngā pūnaha ēneiti whakaoranga me ngā motokā ēneiti. Ko te hangarau lithium-ion whai tikanga he mea nui rawa i ngā wā e hiahia ana ki te tūmanako me te whakapono mō te wā e whai ake, whakamahia mai ki te whakamana i nga ratonga ēneiti.
Kei te whakamahia te wāhanga roa o ngā pūtahi hōu hei whakaorangia i ngā tirotiro moni me ngā painga ā-tikanga. Ki te iti i te waehanga o ngā whakarereke pūtahi, ka whakahē ki mua ngā kaiwhakamahi me ngā pakihi i ō rātou utu iho katoa i runga i ngā rāngai whenua. Ka taea e ngā hangarau e whakatūria ana i ēnei pūtahi matataki ka whakapakari i te whakarite, ka heke i te wā kua noho kore whakahaere, ka taea hoki te whakamahi pai ake. No reira, kei te tuhituhi e ngā kāwanatanga e whakamahia nei ngā pūtahi hōu, ko te whakangāwangā moni wāhanga o te wā kua pau i te 30%, ka tohua te pai o tēnei hunga mātauranga. Ko tēnei ka timata he tūtohu pai mo ngā pūtahi litihaiona hōu hei whakamahi mō tētahi rōpū e hiahia ki te whakapai i te whakahaere tikanga me te manaaki i ngā take tangata.
He iti noa iho ngā pūtē kiore rītai mō ngā whakamahi e hiahiatia ana i te tūranga ola roa, nā te iti noa iho o ō rātau wā kaiako me ngā whanonga whakarereke tuatahitia. Ki runga i tērā, kua hanga ngā pūtē hiranga heke hei whakawhiti i te mahi pai tonu i waenganui i ngā āhuatanga taiao matematea, whakamahia ai i a rātou hei tino pai mō ngā wāhi whakamataki. Ko ngā taurangi pūnaha, pūtake whakapae, me te whanonga pai ko te nui rawa atu i ngā pūtē hiranga heke, e whaihua ana i te whakaaetanga nui i ngā rīpeka hou. Mā ngā whenuatanga rorohiko matua o ngā momo hiranga heke ka taea te tautoko i ngā whakamahi e hiahiatia nei, me te tuku i tētahi tūranga take moe pai ake i a rātou.
Ko te wehewehe wāhi whakamīharo i te pūtake tuku ki te huringa o te āhuatanga, me ngā raetī whakapai i waenganui i te 15°C ki te 25°C hei whakamana i te roa. Ki te kore e hangaia nei i raro i tēnei raetī, in particular ki ngā wāhi nui atu, ka taea te whakapae i ngā mahi mīharo i roto, e hāngai ana ki te itinga o te wā o te whakamutunga, me te whiuwhiu i te hanga o te whakarereke. Ko te werawera nui he mea nui rawa te whakapae, me te whakaititia i te wā o te roa o te pūtake. He tohutohu ngā raraunga, ko te korenga o te wehewehe wāhi e āhei ana ki te whakaititia i te roa o te pūtake i runga i te 50%, e whakaatu ana i te nui o te hiranga mō te whakahaere ā-wāhi pai i roto i ngā tuhinga pēnei i ngā rākau huringa rāwhiti me ngā motokā eleeetrīka.
Te whakatatū i ngā rīpoata tae me ngā rīpoata whakawhiti e hiahia ana ki te whai wā kē mo te oranga o te pūtahi. Te whakapaeke ake rawa rānei, he mea nui te whakamahitanga iho nui o te pūtahi lithium-ion ka puta mai hei whakatōrangi me te mate rite, ko te mea nui nei ka whakaiti haere te wā o te mahi. Hei tauira, ko te whakahaere pūnaha i ēnei rīpoata ka taea te whakapai i te roa o te pūtahi i runga i te 20%. Ko tēnei he mea nui i ngā tono pērā i ngā pūnaha whakamahinga take-kaupapa, kei reira te whakarite i te paerewa pai mō ngā waehanga katoa o ngā wā o te whakamahitanga me ngā wā o te whakawhiti. Ko te whakahaere pai i ngā rīpoata tae ka taea te whakapai i te wehi me te tiari i te whenua.
He mahi nui rawa te Pūtake Whakahaere Pūmau (BMS) ki te whakatipu i te huarahi me te whakatīkina i te wā o ngā pūmau. He BMS matua tōnua tonu i ngā taumata e rite ana, pērā i te voltēji, te werawera, me te kaitauanga, ā, e āwhina ana ki te whakamutu i ngā take pērā i te whakapai tuhinga me te whakapai werawera, ka taea e rātau te whakaheke i te korenga. Hei paunga i ngā raraunga iwi, ka taea e ngā pūmau e whakaaetia ana i te BMS matua whakatīkina i te 30% atu whakatōmuri, me utu he nui ake i te whenua i ngā tūtohu pūmau. Ka whakamanahia e te hanga BMS i ngā tūtohu e hiahiatia ana ki te noho pai o ngā pūmau.
Te whakatinanatia i ngā tikanga pai mō ngā wā o te tirotiro anō ka noho tūpono ki te whakapai i te huarere o ngā pūtahi lithium-ion. Ko te whakamahi i ngā whakaiti i te wā e kore ana kia kitea he wā tuatahi, nō reira ka whakamahia ki te tirotiro o te pūtahi me te whakatīnana i tana ao. Ko te hanga i tētahi rautaki tirotiro e kaua e whakamahia te maha tonu ka whakanuihia te huarere o te pūtahi, ka whakapai i ngā tūtohu huarere, ka takohia ngā utu me ngā iti whakamutunga mō te maha whenua. He pai hoki te kawe ake i ngā momo tirotiro herehere, e āheinga ana ki ngā waipū wārua i roto me te whakarerekē i te mahi o te pūtahi i te maha wā.
Tē tētahi mea nui kia whai kōwhiringa ngā rākau mīhini moe huringa wāhi hei mahi i roto i ngā hanganga wāhiko e pai ana. Ko te kuhu ki ngā wāhi pūtake e āheinga ana i ngā huinga wāhiko, ka awhinatia te whakamahere i ngā rākau mīhini e pai ana. Kua whakaatu te rangahau ko ngā taiao e whai muri ana i te hanga wāhiko e pai ana, ka puta ki ngā momo āhuatanga kuhuna wāhiko, e whakaheke ana i ngā take haumaru. He mea nui te whakauru i ngā whakarato werawera rānei, he takotoranga pai, hei whakapai i te whakamahi o te waea, hei whangaitanga i ngā take kuhu wāhiko i runga i ōu pūtau.
Ki te whakarite i te paihere mahere moe ra o te waiora a te ra, ko nga tirohanga whakahaere taumata rawa. E toru nei nga mahi: te hāngai i ngā paepae kura ā-ra, me te tirotiro i te hauora o ngā pūtahi. Ko te whakamahinga i ngā pūtahi rīmua matika nui ki uta hei whakatipu i te rangitaki moe ra, ka whakangungu hoki i te whanaketanga o te whakamahi i te waiora ra, me te whakapakari i te oranga o enei ratonga mō te wā e heke nei. Ko ngā ratonga whakamahere moe ra a te ra e pupuri ana i te mana motuhake o te waiora, he take nui kei te whakaae mai i te hunga noho i te whenua e hiahia ana ki ngā whakaiti whakamana i te waiora.
He mea nui ngā pūtahi hiranga maha mō te whakangahau o ngā rāngai kōwhai rā whakamahere, e whakarite ana i te wawe haere o te waiū mō ngā wa tirohanga pēhi. E whakaū ana ēnei pūtahi tōika i te haere pai o te raupapa, inaianei i ngā whenua me ngā pūnaha kaihuruhuru, ā, i ngā matawhaitanga hanga iwi. Kua tohu ngā rangahau i te 30% taurite ki te kitea i ngā take hiko iwi i roto i ngā whakamahi kōwhai rā, e whakaatu ana i te nuinga o rātau iho hei whakapae i te mana motuhake hiko me te tiaki whenua. Hei tauira, ko tō rātau whakamahi i roto i ngā rāngai kōwhai rā e whakatutuki ana i te whakahaere pūtahi me te paihere matua o te rāngai.
Nui rawa ngā pūtahi hiranga roa mō ngā whakahaere motokā rīpeka, kei reira te whai take i te tatau o te pūtahi ki te whakamana i te raenga motokā me te iti i ngā utu wā katoa. Kua whakaritea e ngā kaiwhakahaere motokā matua ēnei whaihua i te tūmanako o te motokā rīpeka me te heke i ngā utu e pā ana ki te whakamahi i ēnei pūtahi mōhio. Ki te kēhi i ngā tohu whakapono, ko te whakatangitanga o ngā motokā rīpeka e noho ake nei, me te tuhituhinga e kī nei ko 70% o ngā momo hou e whakamahia ana ngā momo pūtahi mōhio. Ko tēnei whakawhanake e whakaū ana i te take nui o ngā pūtahi hiranga roa i te whakamana i te taunga herea ā-enereti me te whakatīnaki i te wā e whakahaere ana i ngā motokā rīpeka.
Nā ngā pūkākī hiranga maha i whiwhiha ai te kaiwhakarite āhuarangi mo ngā tūtohu matua, pēnei i ngā rā whakamahara me ngā porihitanga whakawhiti kōrero, whakatangata ana i te whakarite o te rāngai. Ki te pai rawa ōna mahi, ka taea te whakaiti i te wā korenga, e āhei ana ki te kino moni i ngā tūmomo hanganga, whakamahi ana i ngā whakaritenga pai ake, hei tautoko i ngā mahi kia rite. No reira, nā ngā tataki ka kitea he pai anō ngā rāngai whakarite i whakamahia ngā pūkākī hiranga, ka taea te ukuu pai hoki i ngā paetaki whakarite e te 99.9%. Ko tēnei he tohutohu i te nui o te noho pai o ēnei pūkākī hei whakarite i te kaiwhakarite āhuarangi, me te iti i ngā takurua whakahaere i ngā rāngai matua.
He tūtohu ngā pūkete matū moeao ki te whakarerekē i ngā whakaaetanga kaiwhakaora take me te wānanga o te mōhiohio take, e hīrahi ana ki te whakapai i ngā porowhita take me te tirotiro haumaru ake i raro i ngā hangarau lithium-ion matua. Nā ngā whakatupu hou i tēnei wā, e paihere ana ki ngā porowhita take e tuatahitia nei i te 500 Wh/kg, ka taea pea te whakahou i ngā tohu katoa mō ngā āhua whatunga me ngā motokā hiko. Ko te rangahau me te whakahaere i roto i te hunga pūkete matū kei te ara ki te whakamana i ngā whakamātau nui i roto i te mea kua kitea ai i te tūroa, he tirohanga ki te tūrangi kaore i te iti me ngā pūkete e whai mana ana i te noho.
Te whakatōpu ake o te whakamahi pūoro i ngā whenua e āheinga ana i te hīkoi ki te whai i ngā tikanga whakahoki whakahirahira hei tataki i ngā whakangaro ā-wāhi me te whakapuaki i ngā wā o te pūoro. E hanga ana ngā whēako matihiko whakahoki mōhuhu hei whakahoki i ngā rauemi nui, whakaiti kē ai te hiahia mō te whakamahi i ngā taonga hou. Kei te whakaaro e ngā kaiwhakaako he mea nui te whakaaetanga i ēnei whēako whakahoki i runga i te ao e āheinga ana ki te whakaheke i te tono moana i runga i te 30% ki te 2030, e whakanuia nei ana te noho tika hei whakatū pūtaiao whakamutunga mō ngā whakaritenga kaupapa rangahau.
Te tūroa o te whakahaere pūni me te hanga i ngā rōpū smart grid matua hei whakapai i te whakawehenga ēnei i roto i ngā raraunga wā-tawhiti. E āheinga ana ēnei rōpū whakahaere ēnei ki te whakarite i ngā huringa i waenganui i te kī tonu me te kī mōhiotia, nā reira e whakapai ana i te mahi pai me te tirotirotanga. Hei whakaaturanga i ngā tatauranga, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu ēnei i runga i ngā whakamātau wā-tawhiti e 25%, ko te whakauru pūnuitanga smart he wāhanga matua mō ngā whakahaerenga ēnei o nāianei.
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