Kei te nui rawa te hunga mahi elekiteraika matua ki roto i nga paerahi ihotai-a-lipia mo te whai iho ki te putunga taiao matua. I te matakiorenga o tenei ka wehe, ka kitea nga mahi whakawehenga me nga mahi whakaputa i mua i nga tohu; ka horopaki nga ions-a-lipia i waenganui i te anodi me te katodi i te waa o te tirotiro hoki me te tirotiro whakamutu. Koi kitea ano, ko te haere mai o nga ions-a-lipia, e ai ki nga paerewa pērā i te kaweao me te whanaketanga, ka whakatau te whaihua kotahi. Ka puta ake nga whakaaro hou i roto i nga whakarite whenu ki te whai i nga paihere tino whakahirahira, pērā i te whakatūhia i te rahi putunga taiao. Ki te kōrero a ngā tuhinga hou, ka whiwhi nga whakahaere i enei putanga ki te whai i te taiao matua nui ake, ahakoa kei te whiti tonu te haumaru me te pai.
He mahi nui ngā rauanga kati i te whakamana i te haumaru o ngā pūkōrero me te whaihua o ngā huatau ēnei. Ngaro ai ko te nika, te kotae, me te mangane ki te whakamahi, nā tēnei e hāngai ana ki te hīkoi pai o te pūkōrero. Nā ngā hiranga hou i tēnei rauanga i puta ai ngā whakatōpū pai i ngā tuhinga katoa o te pūkōrero, pēnei i te wā o te hīkaro me te hīkori matua. Kua whakaatu ngā whakapuaki take whakamātau i te nui o te hiahia ki te whiriwhiri i ngā rauanga kati tika hei whakamana i te roa o te pūkōrero me te haumaru. Nā ēnei rauanga i tiaki i te korenga, kia taea ai te pūkōrero te whakahaere āhuarangi i waenga i ngā wā e roa ana, nā reira i whakamana ai te pai o ngā rangahau ēnei mō te kohinga ēnei.
Nā ngā whinga whakarite tohu ā-volite, pērā i ngā whakarite hauora me ngā tūtohi ā-volite kōniti, e whiwhi ana i te mahi pai o te whakapakari me te whakawhiti i ngā paera lihion. Ko te whakarite pai e āheinga nei ki te oranga o te paera, me ngā whakaaro mō ngā motokā eketekī me ngā rorohiko whakamahere. Nā ngā raraunga i whiwhi mai i ngā rautaki whakaritenga volite e taea ai te whakatīngae i te wā o te paera, me te whakapai i te mahi. Hei tauira, ko ngā horo whakarite i raro i te whakariterite ka heke i te mate i runga i ngā tahuhu o te paera, whakamana i te mahi pai i roto i ngā tūnga mahi kotahi, nā reira he paekoā hei whakauru rā whakaiti rānei, heoi anō he tūmomo whakamahere. Nā ēnei whakamua i whakaatu ai te uara matua o te whakaritenga volite i ngā hanganga whakamahere paera o nāianei.
He whakahirahira ngā take whakahaere kaiwhaikaha mō te whakarite i ngā wāhi matua mō ngā pūtaka lithium-ion matatū. E ai ki ēnei take, he pūnaha kore mahi, pērā i ngā kaiwhakawāhanga wera e whakangungu ana i te tae wera naturally, ā, he pūnaha hāngai kai mahi e whakamahi ana i ngā momo rīwai rānei nō te hāngai i te wera i runga i ngā momo motuhake ake. Ki te whakarite i te kaiwhaikaha o te wera, ka taea te whakahē i te whakarerekē o te pūtaka me te tiaki i te haumaru i waenganui i ngā mahi matatū, nō reira ko tēnei he mea nui, nā te mea ka taea te tahuri wera ki te kaiwhaikaha o te wera. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakapuaki pūnaha o Tesla e whai ana i te pai i roto i ngā wā kua kitea te kino, pērā i te whakamahi i te rīwai hei whakarite i te wāhi wera o te pūtaka i roto i ngā wāherehere matatū.
Nā ngā whakamātau i te pūnaha matū, pēnei i ngā pūnaha polimera me ngā pūnaha keramika matua, te hiahia ki te whakatipu i te ture hāwhe i ngā pūnaha mītikoni rahi. Nā ēnei pūnaha te whakatika i ngā pūnaha hōhonu e pā ana ki ngā hāwhe hōhonu, me te whakapai i te kairiteanga matua o te pūtaka. Hei tauira, nā ngā pūnaha polimera matua te whakatipu i te kawe iona, te whakaheke i te whawhai waho, me te whakapai i te nohoanga āhua. Kua tae atu ngā rangahau he mea nui te whakamahi i ēnei pūnaha matū hei whakatika i ngā hāwhe motuhake, ā, ka puta he āhuatanga ā-iotanga pai rawa, me te whakapai i te mahi o te pūtaka i waenganui i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
Te whakawhanake o ngā elektrolaiti, ā, te whakamahinga i ngā mīhini tētahi wā, he mea nui i te mahi aroaro roa me te tiakina o ngā pūkaha iha. Ngā whakarereke i ngā whakaaetanga o ngā elektrolaiti, e ēhinengia ana e ngā take e pa ana i te kokiore me te whanaketanga iona, ka āheinga ki te whakawai i te oranga o te pūkaha. Hei tauira, āheinga ētahi atu mīhini kia kitea ai te hanga o tētahi interface-elektrolaiti-tūpū, e tiaki ana i te kore whakarereke i waenganui i ngā huringa kawe-kawe. Ko te tuhinga pūtaiao e whakaaro ana i enei pūnenga, e angitutanga ana i te mea ko ngā whakaaetanga elektrolaiti i whakatika ai, ka puta mai he whai hua nui i te tiakina me te whanaketanga o ngā pūkaha, ā, ka whakapae i te oranga rite o rātou.
Nā ngā pūkāwatawhiti iaha rētini e whai take ana i te whakauru ki ngā rōpū whatiwhati rā whakamahere mō te kohinga rā, me te whakapai tūmataiti i te whanonga o ngā whenua hoki. E āke nei ngā pūkāwatawhiti iaha rētini kia pai ake te whakamahere me te whakangungu i te hiko e whakatupu i ngā paepae rā, kia taea te whakarite i te hiko e watea nei hei whakamahi i muri iho. Ko tēnei e whakaū ana i te whakamahi tūroa me te tiaki i muri iho, e whakarite ana i ngā mahi tirohanga. Nā ngā tatauranga o te whenua, kua kitea he whakahēnā nui i te whakamahere o ngā rā whare, nō te whakapono ki te hiranga o ngā whakangungu hiko hei whakapai i te whakamahi o te hiko rā. Kua whai take tonu te whakauru pai o ngā pūkāwatawhiti iaha rētini ki ngā whakahaere rā hei tukua i ngā hiahia hiko e whai ake nei, me te whakanui i ngā whakatipuranga taiao.
Ka whakaaro ki te whakauru i ngā pūtau hiko iti-a-iwi matua ki ngā rārangi hiko whare, ko te tirohanga he mea nui. Ko tēnei ka taea ai te whakamahi i ēnei pūtau hiko ki runga i ngā kaiwhakarite e timata nei, me pēhea te waihanga i ngā ture mō te hono ki te rīpoata. Kāore e pai rawa te whakamahia te whakauru pai, inā e tiaki ana i te wheako hiko pai me te haumanu i te wā o ngā pakipaki hiko. He mea nui te whakaaturanga i te awhinatanga o te whakahaere i ngā raraunga, inā e whai take ana ngā kaiwhakamohio i te whakapae i te tirohanga me te tirotiro i te whakahaere i ngā rārangi hiko whare. Mēnā ka mōhio ki ngā tirohanga o te whakahaere, ka taea e ia te whakaae i ngā whakatau pai e hāngai ana ki ōna hiahia hiko me ngā tirohanga whakahaere.
He nui ngā paihou o ngā pūtahi iōna rānei mō te whakamahere taumata waihanga moeawe, e whakapakari ana i te tiaki me te whakawhetuwhenua, ā, ka whiuwhiu anō hoki i ngā huringa kaiwhakahaere take waihanga mai i ngā momo waihanga whakatika, e mahi ana ki te whakatika i te whanaketanga o te taumata waihanga. E whakaatu ana ngā tataki kāwanatanga me ngā whakauru rōpū i ngā painga ētahi nei me ngā painga hangarau o te whakamahi i ngā whakamahere moeawe taumata waihanga, e whakamahia ana ngā paihou o ngā pūtahi iōna rānei taumata matua. Ki te whakaaetanga i te wheako waihanga whakapono me te whakahaere pai o te taumata waihanga, ka noho tū tonu ēnei pūtahi hei tautoko i ngā huringa here waihanga whakatika me te tiaki i te wheako pai o te taumata waihanga mō ngā rīpoata whakanui.
Kei te whakamahia ngā wāhi tirotiro mō te whakarite i ngā rahi ā-taiao e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā pūtaka huakina iti nui. Nā ngā wāhi tirotiro ēnei ka whakamahi i tētahi momo hangarau rerekē ki te whakaae kia mahi ngā pūtaka i roto i ōna takirua haumaru, mā te whakahaere i ngā take eke noa, te whakahē i ngā whenua tuatahi, me te whakawhitiwhiti rahi. Hei tauira, kei ngā ratonga ētahi, ka whakauru ngā whatu whakakī kīwai matua e kite ana i ngā mate i waenganui i te wā. Ko ngā kaiarahi i te ao whānui pērā i a Tesla me LG Chem ka whakamahi i ngā wāhi tirotiro matua hei whakahaere i ngā pūtaka huakina nui, kia mahi pai tonu, ā, kia haumaru hoki. Kia mōhio ko te tūranga matua o ngā wāhi tirotiro nei hei whakangungu i te haumaru me te pai o ngā pūtaka.
Ko te kaiwhakaheke ā-hua he tūmomo whakararu nui i ngā pūtahi lithium-ion, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia rere ki te mōhiohia, ka taea e tēnei e whirinaki atu ki ngā pūnaha, ngā pūtauake, ā, ngā ahi. Ko ngā tohutohu whakaiti i aua huarahi whakararu ka tū tonu ki ngā whakamahinga hou i ngā rara me ngā hanganga pūnaha hei whakapakari i te haumaru o te wana. Hei tauira, ko te whakauru i ngā pūnaha hāngai me te whakamahi i ngā rara whakatakoto i runga i te hā, e whakanui ana i ngā tahataha o ēnei take. Ko ngā rautaki me ngā pūrongo take mai i ngā whare wānanga pūtaiao hikoī, pēnei i Te Kauhoe Pūnaha Hikoī Taiao Ola, e whakaatu ana i te noho matua o ēnei tohutohu hei whakatika i te haumaru o te pūtahi. Ki roto i te whenua mahi i te tuhituhinga haumaru, ko te whakahaere hā paihere tonu hei pūtake mo te mana o ngā pūtahi hāpori.
Kei te kaiwhakatupu āhua rite ngā whirihora tuhinga i te taha o te whakangahau me te wehi hoki i ngā pūtahi īonā mō te pūtauhere matua. E toru nei ngā whakamahere hou e whakaiti ana i ngā hokoaro, e mahi ake ana i te āhua herehere ā-ioni, ā, e whakapai ake ana i te rahinga enei i runga i ngā whirihora herehere matua. Ko ngā whirihora tuhinga he ara whakahirahira anō e whakaiti ana i te hikoaro o ngā pūnaha kei te wāhanga, ā, e whakaiti hoki ana i te hikoaro o ngā tahuhu me ngā ahi. Ko ngā raraunga mai i ngā kāwai rangahau, pērā i te Mana Here Tangata, e whakaaturia ana ko ngā whakamahere hou nei e whai take nui ana i te ao hoko, e whakawherowhero ana i ngā whakamahere hou me te whakaae. Ki te kitea te mata o te whenua, ka whakatutuki atu ngā whakangahau tuhinga ki te hanga i ngā pūtauhere matua.
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