Ko te pūmahara koiora he āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki te tino mahi ake o ngā pākahiko rīwhi-ion, ā, ina heke atu ki te kotahitanga o te kaha me te raweke. I whakaatu ngā ako nei ko teitei ake o te mātū o ngā rauemi e whakanui ai i te wehenga o te kaha i te wā e whakahaere ana i te pākahiko. Ka nui ake tēnei i te mea ka whakapai ake i ngā takotoranga koiora te ōwekenga o ngā huringa utu me ngā huringa whakamātau, arā anō hoki i te pūmahara kaha ake o ngā pūnaha rokiroki kaha. Ko ngā kaihanga rongonui pērā i Phylion kua whakamahi i ngā rauemi tikangia, e whakapai ai i te kotahitanga o te kaha me te raweke o te pākahiko, e whakapumautia ana i ā rātou ingoa ki te māketi hei kaihoatu i ngā pākahiko rīwhi-ion pai.
Ko ngā whakaputanga o te paharahi-ion e ārai ai i te pai o te mahi i te wā. E whakatairua ana ēnei whakaputa i te warenga me te heke i te aronga, e hinga ai te hauora o te paharahi. Ko te taunakitanga tātaritanga e tohu ana i te nui ake o ngā kanga o ngā paharahi e whakamahi ana i ngā taputapu iti te kaha ki te whakarewa i te kaha, e whakaatu ana i te nui o te kaha o te kaha. Ko ngā ine o te umanga e whakarite ana i ngā taumata kaha kia māmā ai i ngā raru o te warenga, kia roa ai te ora me te whakapono o te paharahi. Ko te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakahaere kounga kaha, pērā i ngā hua o Phylion, e āwhina ana i te warenga e heke kau ana me te whakapai ake i te whai wa o te paharahi.
Ko ngā matapuka hau teitei ka whakaroa i te ora o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion. Ko ngā raraunga tau e whakatairite ana ki te whakamahi i ngā waahanga hau teitei ka taea ai te whakaroa i te wā o te oranga, he āhua nui hoki ngā take ōhanga mō ngā punaha rongoa kaha. Hei tauira, ko te ara a Phylion ki te tīariari i ngā rawa kua whakamahia kua hua nei i tēnei take, e whakaatu ana i te whakaroa ake o te ora me te whai tikanga o te rongoa hau parauri. Ko ngā pākahiko roa-kore e tuku mai ana i ngā painga ōhanga engari ka whakatenatena i te whai mātāpuna ake me ngā painga ki te taiao hoki e iti ake ai te parurenga me te whakamahi rāwekenga. Mā te whakanui ake i te hau, ka tūtohu ngā kaihanga i ā rātou punaha rongoa kaha e ū whakawātea ana me te manawa ake ki te taiao.
Ko ngā anōpua karawhiti he wāhi matua nui ki ngā pākahiko lithium-ion e whakauru ai i te whakauru ake o te rīwai, ka tāwhai hoki i te kaha me te mahi ake o te pākahiko. Ko te horoi o te karawhiti e whakamahia ana ki ngā anōpua he painga nui ki ngā āhua o te whakauru ake o te rīwai, na reira ka tāwhai hoki i te wā mātatautanga me te roa o te pākahiko. Ko ngā anōpua karawhiti o te kounga teitei he pai ake te mahi, e āwhina ana i ngā waatea utu tere ake me te roa ake o te pākahiko. Hei tauira, kua whakaaturia e ngā rangahau ka iti ake ngā waatea utu ki te 20% me te roa ake o te ora o te pākahiko. Ko ngā aronga o nāianei ki te kohi karawhiti e tohu ana i te nekehanga ki ngā tikanga tukatuka māmā huanui hei whiwhi i ngā taumata horoi ake. He tino whakapāngia tēnei nekehanga i te mea ka taea e te whakapai ake i te horoi o ngā taputapu karawhiti te whakawātea i ngā mahi ake o ngā pākahiko me ngā painga kaha.
Ko te pūmahara o ngā eletioreti he mea matua mō te haumaru, me te whakahaere angitu o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, ā, he nui te kōwhiringa ake i ngā taonga haurangi te rōnaki i tēnei pūmahara. Ko ngā taonga haurangi kaihaukoti te iti rawa atu i ngā ririhau kaore e hiahiatia ana ki roto i te pākahiko, ka iti noa te tūponotanga o ngā whakamōhoni, ā, ka pai ake te whāinga haumaru. I tētahi rangahau e te Journal of Electrochemical Science i ripoata ai i te 30% te heke i ngā take pakaru pakaru i ngā pākahiko e whakamahi nei i ngā taonga haurangi kaihauturu. Ko ngā kamupene mātua penei i Albemarle me Livent kei te whakawhirinaki nui ki tēnei ao mā te whanaketanga i ngā taonga haurangi kaihauturu e whakapakari ake ai i te angitu, me te tiaki i ngā whakahaerenga. Ko tēnei aronga ki ngā taonga haurangi kaihauturu anake ka whakapai ake i te haumaru pākahiko engari ka whakapai hoki i te roa o te ora me te mahi ake o te pākahiko trought te pūmahara koioru.
Ko ngā taurua o te kaituku he mea nui ki te whakatutuki i ngā pūnaha inu tāwhai, ā, ko te tōtika o ngā ōrau o te nikirī, te kōpere, me te manukau he mea matua nui. E ārahi ana ēnei taurua ki te kaha, te tuanui, me te ora o te wāhanga inu tāwhai. Ko ngā rangahau e whakaatu ana kāore he painga nui ki te whakapai ake i ēnei ōrau ka taea hoki e te whakapai ake i te ora me te kaha o te inu tāwhai. Hei tauira, ko te takotoranga pai o ngā taurua kua kitea kia roa ake te ora o te inu tāwhai ki te 30% me te whakapiki ake i te kaha. Heoi anō, he uaua ki te tiki i ēnei taurua kia arataki ai i ngā here o te ao me ngā whakaaro mō te taiao. Ahakoa ēnei here, kei te matua whai mātāpunenga kia noho tōtika me te arataki i te tuku taurua hei whakapai ake i ngā hanganga inu tāwhai me te whakapai ake i ngā rautaki whakaputu kaha.## Te Aronga Rererangi i te Whakarewa Kaha Inu Tāwhai
Ko ngā pākahiko lithium-ion te matua whakamahia ki te rokiroki hauora awhio, e whakarato ana i te kaha rawa o te āhua me te kapai mō te tango i te hauora e wātea ana. Kāore i te iti noa te take o ratou ki ngā whakauru awhio nā te mea ka rōkiroki i ngā kaha atu i te wā e tōnui ai te awhio i ngā wā rāmarama hei whakarato i te kaha tūturu i te pō ina heke mai ngā kapua. Hei tauira, ko ngā taputapu taumaha kei te pākahiko ka whakapakari i ngā tohu mahi, e pai ai ki ngā kaupapa awhio nui. Whakamahia ngā kaupapa angitu pērā i te Hornsdale Power Reserve ki Awherika, i te whakaurunga a Tesla ki Kauai ki Hawai, i whakaatu ai i te kaha o te āhua me te whirinakitanga nā te hunga taumaha o ngā pākahiko. Anō hoki, kei te whakawhanake a katoa ngā kāwanatanga i ngā kaupapa e tautoko ana i ngā whai hua hou ki te hangarau pākahiko hei whakatairanga i te whakamahi hauora e wātea ana, e kitea ai te huringa ki ngā punaha hauora e tika ana.
Ko ngā pūnaha whakauru awhina kāore he raru nui i te whakamahi i ngā tāonga tikangia, e tiaki ana i te painga o te haumaru ina heke mai ngā wehenga hau. E whakarite ana ēnei pūnaha i te noho whakapono ki te kainoho, e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi matua ina pakaru te taraka. Ko ngā whakaaro a te kaiwhakamahi me ngā tātari a te umanga e toa ana i te hari mai i te whakapai ake i te horahanga o te kāpura me te whakaeke papaku. Kei te piki haere te hiahia o te maakete mō ngā whakautu whakapūmahara hau kāinga, ka whakapiripirihia e ngā whakapai anō hoki i te hanganga hou me te hiahia tonu ki ngā pūnaha hau whakapono, takitahi. Ko te whakamohio i ngā tāonga tikangia ko te matua here ki te whakatutuki i ēnei hiahia, e tuku ana i tētahi punaha whakapai ake, whakapono ake i te wā e hiahiatia ana.
Ko ngā hangarau pātōhono ririhau e whakakaha ana i te tūhononga o ngā rauropi hiko kua whanakea ki ngā whatunga hiko, e āwhina ana i te nekehanga hiko ki te tauwhitinga nui. Ko te whakauru atu i ngā matū tikangia te manawa reka me te whakapono, he mea nui kia pai ai te mahi i ngā whakamahinga tauwhārite. Hei tauira, ko ngā rara kei te whakaatu i ngā whakapai ake mō te performance o ngā pūnaha whakaputua hiko ina whakamahia ana ngā matū kounga teitei. Ki te āmio, ko ngā tākarotanga mō ngā here whakaputua hiko e tohu ana i te tipu haere nui, e herea ana kia whai whakautu hou hei whakahaere i te hiko angitu. Mā ngā matū tikangia te manawa, ka taea ngā uarurenga nei te whakatika tika, e tautoko ana i te nekehanga ki ngā whatunga hiko kua whanakea, me te whakapono hoki e hiahiatia ana kia pakari ai te whatunga hiko mai i āpōpō.## Ngā Uarurenga Whakangao i te Whanaketanga Matū Hōu
Ko te whai mōhio Raman kei te nui ake te whakamahinga ki te tautuhi i ngā karekau i ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana hei rēti. Kei te pai rawa atu tēnei aronga ki te kite i ngā tikanga o te nekeneke me te hurihanga, ā, ko te wāhi iti noa te tauwae e nui ana te take ki te whakarōpūtanga taupira. Hei tauira, he pikinga matua tana ki te āki mō te āhua o ngā taputapu anode me cathode o ngā rēti, ā, kua kitea hoki tana āhua ki te whai i ngā panonitanga o te hanganga o te oksīta cobalt lithium ina pīroiroi ana i ngā waatea utu-whakakaha (Journal of Medicinal Food). Ko ngā whakapai ake e toa ana kua nui ake i tana mātau ki ngā karekau e pā ana ki te lithium, ka tūtohu ai i te horoi e hiahiatia ana kia pai ai te mahi ake o ngā rēti. Kei te tipu haere tonu tēnei aronga, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga hōhonu ake ki ngā hanganga molekīni, ā, e āwhina ana i ngā kaihanga kia manawa tonu i ngā paerewa whakapono.
Kei te āraitia e ngā uarere matua te huinga tukatuka mō ngā kaiwhakawhanui pāmahana, me ngā whakautu here i ngā wā papaku e pa ana ki te whanaketanga me ngā utu. Ko ngā waahi e mōhiotia ana ko ngā paraihe whenua rare, me ngā oxi metara matua e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga pāmahana. I tautohu mai te rapu a te Manatā o Amerika he iti noa ngā wā papaku ka taea e ēnei ngira te whakaroa i te whanaketanga, e ai ki te Pukapuka o te Hauora Me te Whanaketanga Ora. Kei te whakamahi kē ngā kamupene i ngā aronga hei whakaiti i ēnei take, pērā i te whakarahi ake i ō rātou rōpū kaiwhakarato me te whakauru ki ngā whakawhanake tukatuka motuhake. Ko te mahi tahi hoki i waenganui i ngā umanga me ngā kāwanatanga kei te takotoria hei whakahaere i ēnei uaratanga, kia pai ake te āhua o te huinga tukatuka.
Ko ngā tikanga whakapai kia mōhiotia ai ngā pākahiko paraire he tino kaha ki te hauora, e whakaputangia ai ngā uka noho me ngā utu. Ko te nui o te hauora e āwhina ana i te ririhau karbona me te utu o te mahi. I whakaatu ngā rangahau ko te whakapai e wātea ana i te nuinga o te hauora e whakamahia ana i te whanaketanga pākahiko (Environmental Science & Technology). Kei te rapu ake i ngā aronga hou hei whakaiti i te kawenga hauora, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā kaiwehe iti ake me te whakauru i ngā rauropi hauora kua whanakehia ki ngā rautaki whanaketanga. Kāore ngā whai hua nei i te whakamurautanga anake i te utu engari ko te tautoko hoki i te nekehanga o te ahumoni ki ngā tikanga morearea, he mea matua hei whakaiti i te pānga taiao o te whanaketanga pākahiko.## Te Au innovation ki ngā Matū Pākahiko Hauwehe
Ko te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa hurihia e mōhiotia ana he mea nui kia whanake ai te whaihua ki te ahumahi pākahiko. E āwhina ana tēnei tikanga kia whai hua anō i ngā rauemi taugata, kia tiaki ai i ngā rauemi, kia iti ai te here ki te tango i ngā rauemi matua. Ko ngā hangarau o nāianei e whakaatu ana i te kaha ki te whai anō i te rītiniha me te kōpere kore ai te iti ake o te hauwehe. Hei tauira, ko ngā tikanga huinga me te tikanga hiwitohu he kaiwhawhai matua i konei. Ko ngā ture whakahaere me ngā ngākaunui ahumahi, pērā i ērā e whakatairitea ana e te Tōkaitonga Piritania me ngā rōpū pērā i te Hoa Pākahiko o te Ao, e tautoko ana i ēnei tikanga hurihia, kei te whai mō ngā tau hurihia teitei ake me te iti ake i ngā pānga ki te taiao. Ko ēnei kaupapa he takotoranga matua kia neke atu ki tētahi punaha hauora e whaihuatia ana.
Ko te whai mōhio ki ngā tikanga o ngā kaiwhakamahi e hāngai ana ki te whakaiti i te whakamahinga i ngā paraihe paku rare e nui ana. Kei te tūhono ngā kairangahau ki ngā kaiwhakauru pērā i ngā bateri irirangi, ngā bateri irirangi-magnesium, me ngā bateri phosphate rironui-lithium, e whakarato ana i te ara e āki ai ngā whakautu pumau. Ko ēnei kaiwhakauru e whakarato ana i ngā whakautu pūngao e ōrite ana me te iti ake ngā take taiao me ngā take tika e hāngai ana ki te kawe i ngā paraihe paku rare. Kua whakaatu ngā rangahau ka taea e ēnei tikanga te whakapono i te horutao me te performance o ngā bateri ka tāpirihia te utu. Ko ngā tohunga o te ahumoni e kite ana ko te nekehanga pakaru ki ēnei kaiwhakauru e āki ai te whanonga pumau o te whanonga bateri, e hāngai ai ki te haumaru pūngao o te ao.
Ko ngā pākahiko katoa e toa ana i te ahunga whakatūpato hou ki te tāone rokiroki waihanga, ka whakahaerehia e ngā whakapai ake i ngā here purenga hangarau. Kei te nui te whakamahi ake i ngā taputapu purenga teitei kia pai ai te mahi me te haumaru, mai i ā raatau he paku noa ngā rere o ngā kaiwhakarewa pumau tērā i ngā kaiwhakarewa wai. Kia piki ake te hiahia ki ēnei pākahiko, ko te purenga o ngā taputapu he mea matua nui ake. Heoi anō, kei te āraitia te nekehanga ki te hangarau katoa e ngā uara moni me te āhua whakarahi. Ahakoa ēnei wāwā, ka tūtohu ngā pākahiko katoa i te painga nui ki te maakete, e whakapakari ake ana i te kotahitanga waihanga me te whakapai ake i ngā whakamahinga whānui ake ki ngā waka hiko me ngā taputapu pōkai. Ko te nekehanga atu ki tēnei hangarau hou e tohu ana i te anamata makere mō te umanga pākahiko.
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