Ko ngā pūhiko he huinga o ngā pūtau pūhiko maha kua whakaritea, kua honoa hoki ki tētahi atu hei mahi i tētahi kaupapa motuhake. He mea nui ēnei waeine ki te whakahohe i ngā pūrere hou, mai i ngā waea atamai e mau ana i ō tātou pute ki ngā rorohiko pūkoro i runga i ō tātou tēpu, ki ngā waka hiko i runga i ō tātou huarahi. Ko te hiranga o ngā pūhiko kei roto i tō rātou kaha ki te rokiroki me te tuku pūngao, e whakarite ana kia taea ai e ēnei pūrere te mahi mō ngā wā roa, kāore e herea ki tētahi pūtake mana. He mea nui tēnei i roto i tētahi ao e tino uara ana te nekehanga me te whai hua.
I tua atu i ngā hikohiko kiritaki, ka nui haere te whakawhirinaki ki ngā pākahiko i roto i ngā tono pūngao whakahou. Hei tauira, he tino hira te mahi a rātau ki te rokiroki i te pūngao i hangaia mai i ngā puna o te rā me te hau, kia wātea ai ina hiahiatia. E ai ki ngā raraunga tata nei, ko te mākete rokiroki pūhiko ao mō te pūngao whakahou ka tipu tata ki te 15% ia tau i roto i te tekau tau e whai ake nei, e whakaatu ana i te tono e piki haere ana mō ngā rongoā rokiroki pūngao whai hua. Ko tēnei whakawhirinaki e piki haere ana e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te whakamua o te hangarau pūhiko hei tautoko i ngā hiahia o ia rā o te kiritaki me ngā whāinga whanui ake o te pūngao pūngao.
He mea nui ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Pūhiko (BMS) hei whakarite i te mahi me te haumaru pai rawa atu o te pūhiko. Ka aroturukihia, ka whakahaerehia hoki e te BMS ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūtau pūhiko, tae atu ki te pāmahana, te ngaohiko, me te āhua o te utu, hei ārai i te hapa me te whakawhānui i te ora o te pūhiko. Mā te arotake tonu i ēnei tawhā, ka ārai tōtika te BMS i ngā take pēnei i te whakaeke i te utu me te whakawera, ka taea ai te arahi ki ngā pānga kino.
Kei roto i te BMS ētahi wāhanga matua e tino nui ana mō tōna mahi. Ko te aroturuki ngaohiko e whakarite ana kia mahi ia pūtau i roto i te paparanga pūhiko i roto i te awhe kua tohua, e aukati ana i te kino mai i nga ahuatanga nui ake, iti iho ranei. Ko te whakahaere pāmahana tētahi atu āhuatanga nui, nā te mea e pupuri ana i ngā pūtau pūhiko i roto i ngā pāmahana whakahaere haumaru hei whakanui ake i te roa o te ora me te mahi. Hei taapiri, ka whakatau te BMS i te mana o te utu, e tuku ana i nga tirohanga nui mo te mana toenga me te mana utu.
Ko ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao (ESS) he tūranga matua ki te whakauru i ngā pūhiko ki roto i ngā rongoā pūngao nui ake. Ka rokiroki, ka whakahaerehia hoki e ēnei pūnaha te pūngao i hangaia mai i ngā puna rerekē, pēnei i ngā kōpae o te ra, hei whakamahi i te wā o te hiahia tino nui, i ngā āhuatanga rānei i waho o te whatunga. Ka āhei te ESS ki te whakamahi tōtika i te pūngao rongoa, te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga pūngao me te whakarei ake i te tauwhiro i roto i ngā tono maha, mai i ngā taiao noho ki ngā mahi ahumahi. Ko te mahi tahi i waenganui i te BMS me te ESS ka āhei te whakauru me te whakahaere i ngā pūhiko, e akiaki ana i ngā mahi hou i roto i te pūngao pūngao.
Ko ngā whakatutukitanga o nāianei i roto i te hangarau pūhiko e tūtohu ana ki te huri i te rokiroki pūngao, otirā ngā pūhiko lithium-ion. Kua kite tēnei hangarau i ngā whakapainga nui, tae atu ki te whakapiki ake i te pūngao pūngao, e āhei ai ngā pūhiko ki te rokiroki i te pūngao nui ake ia waeine taumaha. I tua atu, kua whakawhanakehia he wā utu tere ake, e whakaiti ana i te wā tu me te whakapai ake i te kaha mo te hiko hiko me nga waka hiko.
I tua atu i te hangarau lithium-ion tuku iho, kei te puta mai ngā mahi hou pēnei i ngā pūhiko lithium-whakatūhā me ngā pūhiko lithium-air. Ko ēnei kōwhiringa e whakaari ana i te kaha ake o te mahi me te kaha ake o te pūngao. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā pūhiko lithium-wāhuru te tuku i ngā taumaha pūngao teitei ake, e tino pai ai mō ngā tono māmā. Waihoki, ko nga pūhiko lithium-air, e whakamahi ana i te hāora mai i te hau, e tuku ana i te tuku pūngao mutunga kore, e whakawhānui ana i nga kaha o te pūhiko.
Ko tētahi atu whanaketanga whakamiharo ko te whakauru i ngā pūhiko pūngāwerewere. Ka whakakapi ēnei pūhiko i te hiko wai ki tētahi pūhiko mārō, e whakarato ana i ngā painga haumaru nui mā te whakaiti i te mōrea o te rere me te ahi. I tua atu i te haumaru, he nui ake te kaha o te kaha me te roa o te ora, e hanga ana i a rātou hei hangarau whai hua mō ngā tono pūngao o muri mai. I te nuinga o te wā, e tohu ana ēnei auahatanga i tētahi heke mai whai hua mō te hangarau pūhiko, nā te ahu whakamua i roto i te kaha, te kaha, me te haumaru.
Kua riro ngā pākahiko pūhiko hei mea matua ki te huri i te kaha me te whānuitanga o ngā waka hiko (EVs). Mā te whakarato waka ki tētahi pūtake mana pono, kua whakarei ake ngā pākahiko hou i te mahi o ngā EV, e āhei ai ki a rātou te tuku atu i ngā tawhiti roa ake i runga i te utu kotahi. Ehara i te mea ka pai ake te whakamahi o ngā waka hiko i te whakamahi ia rā, engari ka whakatenatena hoki i te whakamahi i ngā waka pūmau.
I tua atu i ngā tono waka, kei te hurihuri ngā pākahiko i te rokiroki pūngao o te rā. Mā te rokiroki i te pūngao nui rawa i hangaia mai i ngā kōpae o te rā, ka āwhina ngā pākahiko ki te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā whatunga hiko tuku iho, ā, ka nui te whakaiti i te parahanga. Mā tēnei kaha e āhei ai ngā rangatira whare me ngā pakihi ki te whakatutuki i te mana motuhake, e whakarite ana i tētahi tuku hiko pūmau ahakoa i ngā āhuatanga o waho o te whatunga, i ngā wā rānei o te mate hiko.
Hei whakamutunga, he tino nui te mahi a ngā pūhiko hei whakanui ake i te pūmautanga o te whatunga. E tautoko ana rātau i te whakaurunga o te pūngao whakahou mā te rokiroki pūngao ina nui ake te whakaputa i te tono, ā, ka tukuna i ngā wā tino nui o te whakamahinga. Ehara i te mea ka whakapūmau noa iho te whatunga engari ka whakarite hoki i te tohatoha pūngao pai ake, e whakatairanga ana i te whakauru pai o ngā puna pūngao whakahou ki roto i ngā hanganga o nāianei.
Ko te heke mai o te hangarau pūhiko e whakaari ana i ngā ahu whakamua nui, i te nuinga o te wā i ngā āhuatanga o te pūngao me te tere utu. I te haere tonu o te rangahau, ka taea e tatou te tūmanako ka nui ake te pūngao e rokiroki ana i roto i ngā rōrahi iti ake, ka nui ake te whai hua. Hei tauira, kei te whai ngā kamupene kia 20% te pikinga o te pūngao i roto i te tekau tau e whai ake nei, i te mea e whai ana ki te whakaiti i ngā wā utu, me ētahi e whai ana kia whakaurua katoa i roto i ētahi meneti torutoru noa iho. Mā ēnei whakapainga ka tino pai ake te whakamahi i ngā pūhiko mō ngā momo tono, tae atu ki ngā waka hiko (EV) me ngā pūrere hiko kawe.
Ko te tauwhiro me te tukatuka anō kei te tino hira haere i roto i te rāngai hangarau pūhiko. I te mea e piki haere ana te tono mō ngā pūhiko, kei te haumi ngā kamupene ki ngā tikanga hei whakanui ake i ngā reiti tukatuka me te whakaiti i ngā pānga taiao. I tēnei wā, tata ki te 5% noa iho o ngā pūhiko lithium-ion e whakahoutia ana, engari ko ngā kaupapa hou e whai ana ki te whakanui ake i tēnei tau. Mā te whakapakari i ngā mahi whakahōu, ko ngā whāinga o te ahumahi ko te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi mata me te whakaiti i te ururua, kia ōrite ki ngā whāinga tauwhiro o te ao.
Kei te whai pānga tonu ngā huringa ture ki te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o te hangarau pūhiko. Kei te whakatinana ngā kāwanatanga puta noa i te ao i ngā ture tino uaua hei whakarite i ngā tukanga hanga pūhiko haumaru ake, hei whakatairanga hoki i te pūngao mā. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaupapa here o nā tata nei i roto i te Uniana Pākehā me te United States e tono ana i ngā tikanga whakahou pūhiko kia pai ake, kia whakamahia hoki ngā rauemi taiao. Ko te tūmanako ko aua ture hei akiaki i te auahatanga, hei akiaki i ngā kamupene ki te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau pūhiko pūmau me te whai hua ake e ōrite ana ki ngā paerewa taiao.
Ko tētahi o ngā wero matua e anga ana ki ngā pūhiko me ngā rongoā rokiroki pūngao e pā ana ki ngā āwangawanga haumaru e pā ana ki te matū pūhiko me te whakahaere wera. Kua kī ngā tohunga ka taea e ētahi rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūhiko, pēnei i te lithium-ion, te whakaara ake i te wera, te mura rānei, mēnā kāore e tika te whakahaere. Mā tēnei e tino nui ai ngā pūnaha whakahaere wera hei pupuri i te pūmautanga o te pāmahana me te whakarite i te haumaru o te pūhiko. Ko ētahi atu tikanga, pēnei i te whakauru i ngā pūnaha whakawera matatau me ngā ara tiaki, kua tino hira ki te whakatutuki i ēnei wero haumaru.
Ko ngā take o te mekameka tuku he aukati nui hoki ki te hanga pūhiko. Ko te tere o te piki haere o te tono mō ngā pūhiko, otirā i roto i ngā waka hiko me te rokiroki pūngao whakahou, kua whakaiti i te supply o ngā rauemi mata matua. Kei te anga whakamua ngā kaiwhakanao me te piki haere o ngā utu nā te kore o ngā rauemi, nā reira ka rapu i ētahi atu rauemi me ngā tukanga whakaputa pai ake. Ko te tūhura i ngā matū hou pēnei i ngā pūhiko konutai-ion ka taea te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi iti, ka āwhina hoki ki te whakaiti i ngā raruraru o te mekameka tuku.
I tua atu, he tino nui te mahi a ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū ki te wātea o ngā rauemi pūhiko matua pēnei i te lithium me te kōpata. E whakaatu ana ngā pūrongo tata nei he nui te nuinga o ēnei rauemi e ahu mai ana i ngā rohe tōrangapū e kore e pumau, e uaua ana te uru pūmau. Hei tauira, neke atu i te 60% o te supply cobalt o te ao e ahu mai ana i te Democratic Republic of Congo, kei reira ngā tikanga maina e maha ana te wā e anga atu ana ki ngā wero ā-tika me ngā raruraru. Kei te tirotirohia e ngā whenua ngā rautaki hei whakawhānui i ō rātau puna tuku me te haumi ki ngā hangarau whakahou hei whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai. Ko tēnei āhuatanga ā-iwi tōrangapū e tāpiri ana i tētahi atu paparanga matatini ki tētahi whārite uaua rawa i roto i te ahumahi pūhiko.
He tūranga nui ngā pūhiko i roto i tō tātou ao hangarau. Mai i te whakahaerenga i ngā pūkaha hiko kawe pēnei i ngā mea i arotakehia ki te whakarato i ngā rongoā pūngao mō ngā āhuatanga o waho o te whatunga, he mea nui ēnei pūrere ki te ora o nāianei. I te mea e haere tonu ana te hangarau, ka taea e ngā pākahiko te huri i tō tātou whakapaunga pūngao, ka whakatuwhera i te huarahi ki tētahi heke mai pūmau ake. Whakaarohia te mana whakarerekē o tēnei hangarau i a koe e mahi ana ki a ia i roto i tō oranga o ia rā, ā, kia kite koe i tētahi heke mai matomato ake i te pae o te ao.
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